比特幣和區塊鏈，簡單解釋

比特幣是一種在網路上運行的貨幣，沒有銀行、執行長或政府控制。相反，世界各地數以千計的計算機保存著一份關於誰擁有什麼的共享記錄，並且密碼學和激勵措施的巧妙結合使該記錄保持誠實。這是整件事情，沒有行話解釋。

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區塊鏈是一個記錄列表，它被複製到許多計算機上，並緊密地鎖在一起，以至於更改一個舊條目會破壞它之後的所有內容。這就是為什麼它在沒有值得信賴的中間人的情況下值得信賴的原因。

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SHA-256 is the cryptographic "fingerprint machine" at the heart of Bitcoin. Feed it any data and it returns a fixed 64-character code that is unique to that data, impossible to reverse, and changes completely if you alter even one letter.

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比特幣用一對金鑰取代了用戶名和密碼。一個你可以與全世界分享，另一個你必須用一輩子守護。它們一起讓您可以公開收款並私下消費，中間沒有銀行。

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Mining is how new bitcoin is created and how the network agrees on history. Miners burn electricity to win a global guessing game; the winner writes the next block and is paid in fresh bitcoin. It sounds wasteful, but that cost is exactly what makes Bitcoin secure.

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Thousands of strangers who do not trust each other somehow agree on a single, shared truth about who owns what — with no referee. The mechanism that makes this possible is called Nakamoto consensus, and it is Bitcoin’s real breakthrough.

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節點是運行比特幣軟體的計算機，它保留自己的區塊鏈完整副本並自行檢查每條規則。節點是網路的裁判－任何人，包括你，都可以運行節點。

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When you send Bitcoin, you are not "moving" a coin like a file. You are signing a message that consumes some of your previous received amounts and creates new ones for the recipient. Here is exactly what happens in the few seconds and minutes after you hit send.

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比特幣不會像銀行帳戶那樣將您的餘額儲存為單一數字。相反，它追蹤稱為 UTXO 的單一價值區塊。一旦你將比特幣視為數位現金而不是銀行餘額，費用、找零和隱私就會突然變得有意義。

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梅克爾樹是一個聰明的技巧，它可以讓輕量級手機錢包確認付款是否在區塊中，而無需下載整個區塊鏈。它將數千筆交易壓縮成一個微小的指紋。

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Roughly every four years, the amount of new bitcoin created per block is cut in half. This pre-programmed "halving" is how Bitcoin enforces scarcity — and it is one of the most-watched events in all of finance.

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People use "Bitcoin" and "blockchain" as if they were the same word — they are not. Getting this straight is the fastest way to sound informed and to see through a lot of crypto marketing hype.

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